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Tax Saving Instruments

If you like the safety of a steady predictable income, every month, quarter or year, then there are a number of tax-saving instruments available for you. In fact, most of the tax-saving paper you could buy earlier was in this category.

Three important things that one needs to look at before investing in any of the mentioned fixed income instruments are taxability of interest income, frequency of income, and tenure of investment. Even if the interest rate on the Senior Citizens' Savings Scheme (SCSS) is 9 per cent per annum, the income is fully taxable. This means that for someone in the highest tax-bracket, the actual return after-tax will be only 6.22 per cent.

Similarly, if your need is a regular monthly income, the instrument with the highest post-tax return, public provident fund, may not be the right choice. Only three of the fixed income instruments that qualify for relief under Section 80C give a regular stream of income. The SCSS pays interest quarterly, 5-year notified bank deposits half-yearly, and time deposits annually.

So, it appears that there is nothing for anyone who is looking for steady monthly income. But that is not quite correct, although you would have to get a little active about your investments in that case.

Rather than putting in a lump sum when the taxman is almost knocking on your door at the end of the financial year, you can invest throughout the year. That, de facto, will give you steady monthly or quarterly returns as the instruments mature in a phased manner.

So, you can invest and rest assured that your money is safe, although inflation can eat away at it quietly.

Fixed Income Tax Saving Options

Investment in all these instruments qualifies for Section 80C deduction and gives a guaranteed fixed income. Only endowment life insurance plans give bonus-based returnsz

Instrument available	Duration (yrs)	Returns (%)	Compounding	Taxability of income	Yield? (%)
Bank Fixed Deposit (Tax savers)	5	8.50?	Quarterly	Interest taxable	5.87
Employee Provident Fund	Till retirement	8.50?	Yearly	Tax-free	12.30
Life Insurance (Endowment)	10 and more	Around 6.00?	Yearly	Tax-free	8.68
National Savings Certificate	6	8.00	Half-yearly	Interest taxable	5.53
Post Office Time Deposits	5	7.50	Quarterly	Interest taxable	5.18
Public Provident Fund	15	8.00	Yearly	Tax-free	11.57
Senior Citizens' Savings Scheme	5	9.00	Quarterly	Interest taxable	6.22
Applicable to 30% tax slab, including education cess ? May vary from bank to bank ? Fixed by govt each year ? Internal rate of return based on bonuses

Here are some time-tested rules that can weather the stormiest market cycles.

Rules For Savings
Rule 1: Live within your means

This includes managing debt and learning to budget. Such boring topics may not be the most exciting things about becoming wealthy, but they may be the most critical. Consumer-driven economies relentlessly hammer away at why we must buy this item or that gadget so we can have the appearance of being successful, happy, and altogether "with it." So it takes financial discipline and sensible behavior to successfully accumulate money and grow wealthy.

Possibly the biggest trap out there is easy credit, which lets us buy numerous things we might not need. Comedians have pointed out the foolishness: "You buy something that's 10 per cent off and charge it on a 20 per cent interest credit card!" And US newspaper columnist Earl Wilson opined, "Nowadays there are three classes of people - the Haves, the Have-Nots, and the Have-Not-Paid-For-What-They-Haves." Learning to live within your means leads to a freer life - debt can be a mean master instead of a worthy servant. Save first, spend second. If you do so, building wealth will be a lot easier for you.

Rule 2 : Save aggressively

This does not mean "invest aggressively." Rather, it means making it an absolute priority to set aside 10 per cent of your income right off the top, and even more if your goals tell you to do that. The longer you wait to start saving, the larger the percentage of your current pay you will have to save to reach your goal.

If you can save aggressively, you will be surprised how that "nest egg" will start to compound. Look at any chart of compounding. It has been said that it's the last compounding that makes you wealthy. In other words, $20,000 becoming $40,000 doesn't seem like a lot of headway, but when the $40,000 compounds to $80,000, and the $80,000 to $160,000, and finally the $160,000 to $320,000, we're now talking about some serious money. Two more "doublings" and this account will be worth over $1.2 million. Those who spend first and save later inevitably end up working for those who have learned to save first, spend second.

Rule 3 : Diversify Your Funds

No investment is risk free; only a diversified portfolio can mitigate the risks of market cycles. We've all been warned against putting all our eggs in one basket; even Warren Buffett said, "It's better to be approximately right than definitely wrong." By "approximately right," he was referring to diversification.

If one piece of your portfolio is doing substantially better than other parts, the natural inclination is to load up on the part doing the best and forsake those not doing well. But the result will be an under-diversified portfolio that will probably be much more volatile - and the risks may be on the downward side. Also, proper diversification does not mean any old bunch of mutual funds or stocks, but a proper allocation among stocks, bonds, real estate, fixed assets, and other investments. It also means diversifying within those investment categories.

For example, your stocks should include a mix of midcap, large-, and small-cap stocks as well as growth, blend, and value stocks. You should have bonds that are long, medium, and short term, as well as high grade, mid grade, and low grade. A mutual fund may offer more diversification than you could afford by owning the same stocks individually. But owning a handful of mutual funds may not offer the diversification you seek unless you research the funds' holdings carefully. That's because many funds have substantial "overlap." In other words, fund A from mutual fund family X may have many of the same stocks as fund B from fund family Y.

Rule 4 : Be patient

Warren Buffet says, "The market has a very efficient way of transferring wealth from the impatient to the patient." But waiting is very hard to do. How long are you willing to hold an asset that is not performing well? One year? Two, three, or four? If you look at the history of asset classes over time, you will see that an asset can be "out of favor" for several years in a row.

You have to be prepared to wait. Don't think you can time when bonds will perform and stocks will get hot. If someone really could do that, he would own the world by now. So remember: Time in the market is more important than timing the market.

Rule 5 : Understand volatility

Very few people truly understand the risk and volatility inevitably baked into every investment portfolio. Without getting into its complexity, every variable investment has produced a range of returns over its lifetime, and this range, or deviation, can be plotted on a chart. So, it's important to understand what the investment category's "average" annual return means in order to prepare yourself for its volatility. For example, does a 10 per cent average mean the investment was up 73 per cent and down 30 per cent and happened to average 10 per cent? Or was it up 15 per cent, and then down 5 per cent to average 10 per cent?

Many investors are fooled by averages - they chase the 70 per cent return after it has happened, when the likelihood of a repeat performance is slim (which we'll discuss more in Rule #7). Yogi Berra is rumored to have said, "Averages don't mean nuthin". If they did, you could have one foot in the oven and the other in a bucket of ice and feel perfectly comfortable." Over time, returns from investments regress to a mean. "Regression to the mean" simply means that highs and lows will average out so that your return regresses to a certain number or range. Understand an investment's range of returns so you know what to expect annually, and over time.

Markets move from fear to greed, and back to fear. So there are times when the market is "overvalued" and other times when it is "undervalued." Warren Buffett said of the stock buying and selling decisions made at his company, Berkshire Hathaway, "We strive to be fearful when others are greedy, and greedy only when others are fearful."

Rule 6 : Don't chase returns

If we know from Rule #6 that a 10 per cent average annual return does not really mean a 10 per cent return each year, why do we still fall for an ad touting a fund that produces 20 per cent annually or some other phenomenal return? Human nature. And maybe we even convince ourselves that for the chance to experience a year or two of 70 per cent gains, we're willing to stomach the years of 30 per cent losses that also fall within the fund's range of returns.

So, before chasing that incredible return, find out how the investment did during the last bad market for that asset class. Find out its risk, and ask yourself whether you can stomach a bumpy ride over the long term. Another Buffettism: "The dumbest reason in the world to buy a stock is because it is going up." So before chasing a return, always consider how likely it is that the investment will continue to produce that return - and whether it's really worth the cost of cashing out of another, perhaps only temporarily depressed, investment to do so.

Rule7 : Periodically rebalance your portfolio

You may decide that your investment mix should be, for example, 50 per cent growth stocks, 20 per cent value stocks, and 30 per cent bonds. But asset classes vary in performance over time, so after a year or so, the portfolio balance will start to shift as one asset "overperforms" and another one "underperforms

Emotions would tell you to sell the underperformers and buy the overachievers. If you want to remain adequately diversified, however, you would rebalance by selling some of the overperformers and buying some of the underachievers - probably just the opposite of what your emotions will tell you. So, if you strive to put your portfolio back to its original allocations from time to time (annually, semi-annually, or possibly even quarterly), you will be taking gains from the best-performing assets (selling high) and buying those temporarily out of favor (buying low). But it takes discipline to keep your emotions in check.

Rule 8 : Manage your taxes

Have you ever considered how taxes are your biggest expense in life - more than mortgage expense, education expense, or any other expense? So, you must take advantage of all tax breaks available - each and every single one of them.

Rule 9 : Get advice

Never underestimate the value of good advice. Someone who manages investments full time certainly will find things you have overlooked or done wrong. A good financial adviser is like a personal trainer for your finances and can get you on track and keep you there until your goals are met.

And even more critical than getting the advice is being sure you consistently follow your game plan. The greatest problem for most people is procrastination and erratic investment behavior. So get started, get advice, and get going down the road to wealth - and steadfastly follow through.